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GUCY2C:平衡性的“守護(hù)者”,帶來(lái)結(jié)直腸癌免疫治療新曙光

日期:2022-04-26 11:00:59

2022年4月19日,上海斯丹賽生物公司宣布,其開(kāi)發(fā)的實(shí)體瘤CAR-T產(chǎn)品GCC19CART獲得美國(guó)(FDA)快速通道資格。GCC19CART是一款基于斯丹賽生物自主研發(fā)的實(shí)體瘤通用的CoupledCAR®技術(shù)平臺(tái)的CAR-T細(xì)胞療法,通過(guò)靶向GUCY2C以治療復(fù)發(fā)難治轉(zhuǎn)移型結(jié)直腸癌(R/R mCRC) [1]。這款療法計(jì)劃于2022年中在美國(guó)啟動(dòng)I期臨床試驗(yàn)。此前,GCC19CART在中國(guó)進(jìn)行的概念驗(yàn)證(PoC)人體試驗(yàn)中取得了積極的結(jié)果。此外,輝瑞的GUCY2C/CD3雙特異性抗體,也正在國(guó)外做臨床前研究 [2]。近年來(lái),GUCY2C在腫瘤免疫治療中展現(xiàn)出極大的潛力,尤其是CRC CAR-T免疫治療。那么,GUCY2C是什么?GUCY2C在結(jié)直腸癌免疫治療中的進(jìn)展如何?一起來(lái)了解一下。

1、GUCY2C的結(jié)構(gòu)及其功能

鳥(niǎo)苷酸環(huán)化酶C (guanylyl cyclase C, GUCY2C/GCC)屬于受體鳥(niǎo)苷酸環(huán)化酶家族中的一員 [3, 4]。該酶是細(xì)菌熱穩(wěn)定腸毒素的腸道受體,所以GUCY2C又稱為熱穩(wěn)定腸毒素受體。人GUCY2C基因定位于染色體12q12,其編碼產(chǎn)物為一種I型跨膜蛋白,分子量約為120 kDa [5]。GUCY2C蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)主要由5部分組成:①胞外N末端受體結(jié)合區(qū)。含40%的自身蛋白,可結(jié)合特定的配體;②疏水的跨膜區(qū),將胞外信息傳入胞內(nèi);③胞質(zhì)區(qū),即激酶同源區(qū),將信號(hào)從結(jié)合了配體的受體區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)至催化區(qū);④催化區(qū);⑤羧基末端 [6, 7] 圖1)。大量研究表明,鳥(niǎo)苷酸環(huán)化酶C的激活可刺激胞內(nèi)第二信使--環(huán)磷酸鳥(niǎo)苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP)的產(chǎn)生,起到調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)、維持腸道屏障功能、發(fā)揮抗炎活性等作用 [8]

GUCY2C結(jié)構(gòu)

圖1. GUCY2C結(jié)構(gòu)

在正常人機(jī)體組織中,GUCY2C主要表達(dá)于腸上皮細(xì)胞,在腸外組織和腫瘤中不表達(dá)。GUCY2C參與的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路可調(diào)節(jié)腸道內(nèi)水和電解質(zhì)的平衡 [6]。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GUCY2C在原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞中穩(wěn)定表達(dá),而在轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞中,GUCY2C異常高表達(dá),被認(rèn)為是轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌的特異性標(biāo)志分子 [9]。另有數(shù)據(jù)表明,GUCY2C在胰腺癌、胃癌和食道癌中表達(dá) [5, 10],提示GUCY2C或可作為這些疾病的潛力靶標(biāo)。

2、GUCY2C的配體

鳥(niǎo)苷素(guanylin,Gn)和尿鳥(niǎo)苷素(uroguanylin,Ugn)是GUCY2C內(nèi)源性配體,在人體許多組織器官中都有表達(dá),如腸道、腎、心臟、肺、子宮、卵巢等,其中,在腸道和腎臟的表達(dá)尤為豐富 [11]。熱穩(wěn)定性腸毒素(heat-stable enterotoxin,STa)是GUCY2C的外源性配體,由產(chǎn)腸毒素大腸桿菌產(chǎn)生 [12]。如圖2所示,Gn和Ugn與細(xì)菌STa結(jié)構(gòu)相似,都在肽鏈中含有豐富的半胱氨酸和二硫鍵,這是它們發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能所必須的結(jié)構(gòu)。其二硫鍵數(shù)量將GUCY2C的配體分成2類:2個(gè)二硫鍵的Gn和Ugn;3個(gè)二硫鍵的STa [7]。半胱氨酸和二硫鍵數(shù)目的不同決定它們生物學(xué)功能上的差異 [13]。有數(shù)據(jù)表明,Gn、Ugn和STa均可抑制腸道對(duì)液體和鹽的吸收,但抑制能力有明顯的不同 [13]。當(dāng)這些配體(Gn/Ugn/STa)與腸上皮細(xì)胞的GUCY2C受體結(jié)合后,能激活GUCY2C,使GUCY2C受體具有鳥(niǎo)苷酸環(huán)化酶活性,從而發(fā)揮生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。此外,Gn、Ugn和STa在蛋白質(zhì)序列和構(gòu)象的差異,導(dǎo)致它們同GUCY2C受體結(jié)合的親和力不同,激活GUCY2C受體的能力也不同 [13]

GUCY2C的配體

圖2. GUCY2C的配體

3、GUCY2C介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路

目前研究表明,GUCY2C通常參與細(xì)胞膜離子通道的開(kāi)啟,從而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)外正常的離子濃度和腸道水電解質(zhì)平衡,促進(jìn)腸道的消化吸收,維持腸道功能,保護(hù)腸道屏障的完整性。如圖3所示,GUCY2C同配體(Gn/Ugn/STa)結(jié)合后,GUCY2C激活,介導(dǎo)GTP轉(zhuǎn)化為cGMP,胞內(nèi)的cGMP濃度增加,導(dǎo)致下游效應(yīng)器的激活,包括依賴cGMP的蛋白激酶PKGs、磷酸二酯酶PDEs和環(huán)核苷酸門控離子(CNG),這一系列信號(hào)分子的激活與人體代謝機(jī)制密切相關(guān)。比如,當(dāng)GUCY2C誘導(dǎo)的蛋白激酶G II(PKG II)活化時(shí),可磷酸化囊性纖維化跨膜傳導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)因子(CFTR)。CFTR經(jīng)磷酸化后,誘導(dǎo)氯離子等經(jīng)胞內(nèi)向胞外流動(dòng)。有研究表明,當(dāng)GUCY2C配體缺失時(shí),GUCY2C異常高表達(dá),將導(dǎo)致結(jié)直腸上皮細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡,可引起腸道上皮細(xì)胞連接形成的腸道屏障被破壞,促進(jìn)腸道腫瘤的發(fā)生,但其具體的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步闡明 [14]。

GUCY2C介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路

圖3. GUCY2C介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路

4、GUCY2C在疾病中的作用

GUCY2C受鳥(niǎo)苷素、尿鳥(niǎo)苷素和熱穩(wěn)定性腸毒素的激活,可調(diào)節(jié)腸道水、電解質(zhì)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡和腸上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變和增殖。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GUCY2C主要與腸道疾病相關(guān),以及較少報(bào)道的神經(jīng)疾病。其中,腸道類相關(guān)的疾病主要包括功能性胃腸?。ɡ邕^(guò)敏性腸綜合癥,便秘,或酸度過(guò)量等)、炎癥性腸?。ɡ缈肆_恩病和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎等)、癌癥(例如胃腸道癌癥)。

在腸道疾病方面,有研究提示,GUCY2C的活化突變,可使腸道環(huán)境發(fā)生變化,從而導(dǎo)致腸道菌群改變并增加克羅恩病的易感性 [15]。另有報(bào)道,GUCY2C與先天性失鈉性腹瀉有關(guān),且家族性GUCY2C腹瀉綜合癥可在成年后發(fā)展為炎癥性腸病 [16]。在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病方面,有研究表明GUCY2C選擇性地表達(dá)于中腦多巴胺神經(jīng)元上,并以獨(dú)特的生理機(jī)制調(diào)控動(dòng)物的注意力和運(yùn)動(dòng)水平 [17]。

在胃腸道腫瘤方面,GUCY2C在大腸癌患者外周血中具有較高的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率,提示GUCY2C在大腸癌復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移病例中,可作為患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的早期檢測(cè)指標(biāo) [18]。另有研究表明,GUCY2C在胃黏膜腸上皮化生、異型增生及胃癌中高表達(dá) [19]。也有報(bào)道,GUCY2C是一種區(qū)分原發(fā)性和轉(zhuǎn)移性卵巢黏液瘤較特異的標(biāo)志物 [20]。值得關(guān)注的是,大量研究提示,GUCY2C在結(jié)腸癌變的早期階段,常出現(xiàn)表達(dá)異常 [21, 22]。有研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,在轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞中,GUCY2C特異性高表達(dá),其作為結(jié)直腸癌的分子標(biāo)志物潛力巨大 [23]。

5、GUCY2C靶向治療及臨床前景

GUCY2C作為CAR-T近期熱門研究靶點(diǎn),國(guó)內(nèi)上海斯丹賽生物技術(shù)有限公司的GUCY2C CAR-T 細(xì)胞療法剛被授予FDA快速通道資格,有望很快在美國(guó)進(jìn)行I期臨床。事實(shí)上,已有早期臨床試驗(yàn)表明,在甲狀腺癌或結(jié)腸直腸癌患者中,GUCY2C CAR-T治療顯著抑制了腫瘤生長(zhǎng),其療效顯著?;贕UCY2C的免疫治療,早前輝瑞的GUCY2C/CD3雙特異性抗體PF-07062119臨床前研究結(jié)果就已證實(shí),GUCY2C在結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)中的抗腫瘤活性,且毒性可控。此外,PF-07062119與抗PD-1/PD-L1治療聯(lián)合使用,可增強(qiáng)抗腫瘤活性。另有報(bào)道,美國(guó)的托馬斯杰斐遜大學(xué)和Sidney Kimmel癌癥中心科研團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)了專門針對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌的疫苗Ad5-GUCY2C-PADRE,將GUCY2C分子與增強(qiáng)免疫反應(yīng)的分子PADRE連接起來(lái),并將其加載到腺病毒載體中。臨床前研究表明,該疫苗可激活CD8+T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答,預(yù)防結(jié)直腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移 [24]。

不管是疫苗或CAR-T細(xì)胞等免疫療法,新療法的出現(xiàn)必將給結(jié)直腸癌在內(nèi)的胃腸道惡性腫瘤的治療帶來(lái)新的希望。GUCY2C作為腸道信號(hào)系統(tǒng)中的重要一員,以GUCY2C為作用靶點(diǎn)的研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了GUCY2C在結(jié)直腸癌中扮演的重要角色,而將GUCY2C CAR-T或疫苗應(yīng)用到結(jié)直腸癌治療更是重大突破,這對(duì)于CRC患者的治療將具有重大意義。

為鼎力協(xié)助各藥企針對(duì)GUCY2C在結(jié)腸癌等腸道類疾病的藥物研發(fā)工作,CUSABIO推出GUCY2C活性蛋白產(chǎn)品(Code: CSB-MP010053HUd9;Code: CSB-MP010053HU),助力您在GUCY2C機(jī)制方面的研究或其潛在臨床價(jià)值的探索。

Recombinant Human Heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (GUCY2C),partial (Active)

High Purity Validated by Western Blot (WB)

The purity was greater than 94.8% as determined by SDS-PAGE. (Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA

Immobilized human GUCY2C at 5 μg/ml can bind Anti-GUCY2C recombinant antibody (CSB-RA010053A2HU), the EC50 is 3.049-4.660 ng/mL.

Recombinant Human Heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (GUCY2C),partial (Active)

High Purity Validated by Western Blot (WB)

The purity was greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE. (Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA

Immobilized human GUCY2C at 5 μg/ml can bind Anti-GUCY2C recombinant antibody (CSB-RA010053A2HU), the EC50 is 11.89-24.13 ng/mL.

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